The collection of electroencephalography (EEG) data in neonates typically occurs during sleep. EEG activity is highly sleep-state dependent, therefore differentiating between states during data processing can provide important insights into neurodevelopment. Despite this, there have been a paucity of studies directly comparing how infant EEG data, especially event-related potentials, differ between these sleep states. Here, we adapted the Maryland Analysis of Developmental EEG pipeline (MADE) to...

INTRODUCTION: Despite efforts to curtail prescribing, prescribing opioids remains common. With the impacts of the United States opioid epidemic continuing to multiply, effective and acceptable alternatives to opioids (and reduce opioid use) are needed. The Illinois' Opioid Alternative Patient Program (OAPP) is a novel program developed and implemented specifically to increase access to cannabis as an alternative to opioids. The current study aimed to: (1) characterize early adopters' attitudes...

Pain treatments have modest effects. Health outcomes might be improved if treatments are matched to mechanisms underlying the persistence and biopsychosocial impact of an individual's pain. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines 3 mechanistic pain descriptors presumed to involve different mechanisms-nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic. Although treatments to address each descriptor have been proposed, there is no consensus on how to assign descriptors to...

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CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for improved support for personal family building within the REI field. Opportunities for improvement include maternity leave, collegial collaboration, and guidance for management of challenging patient interactions. Improvements in these areas have the potential to result in improved support, empathy, and clinical care for REI patients and physicians.

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OBJECTIVE: Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a prodromal state for Lewy body disorders and exhibits biological heterogeneity that may influence clinical expression and progression. We examined clinical features in individuals with iRBD and biomarker-defined synucleinopathy.

Language is a defining feature of our species, yet the genomic changes enabling it remain poorly understood. Despite decades of work since FOXP2's discovery, we still lack a clear picture of which regions shaped language evolution and how variation contributes to present-day phenotypic differences. Using an evolutionary stratified polygenic score approach, we find that human ancestor quickly evolved regions (HAQERs) are associated with spoken language abilities (discovery N = 350, total...

Immune dysregulation is implicated in patient subgroups in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), but the role of microglia across affective and psychotic illnesses remains unclear. We propose an integrative framework linking systemic immune drivers to microglia-related circuit engagement, cellular phenotype, and kynurenine pathway (KP) branch balance. We systematically reviewed human TSPO-PET, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) KP metabolite, and postmortem...

Breathing is generated by brainstem respiratory networks but can be controlled and modulated by forebrain activity. The recent clinical adoption of thalamic electrode implantation during intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) provides a rare opportunity to examine the role of the human thalamus in respiratory control. Here, we tested whether thalamic stimulation alters breathing in 11 patients undergoing iEEG for epilepsy monitoring. Across 412 stimulation trials at 108 thalamic sites,...

CONCLUSIONS: Participants seeking treatment for CUD exhibited selectively increased decisional incentive sensitivity, relative to controls. For the male CUD participants, greater incentive sensitivity was associated with greater VSt DA release and better CRA+V outcome. These findings appear partially consistent with previous findings on cognition and motivation in individuals with CUD, and suggest a heuristic model connecting striatal DA, incentive sensitivity, and CRA+V outcome.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that EMS-based, nonpolice crisis response programs may reduce nonviolent mental health-related EMS calls under specific operational and contextual conditions. The heterogeneous and delayed effects observed provide a benchmark for future evaluations aimed at identifying when and where these models translate into measurable, system-level change.

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BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is one of the most prevalent liver diseases globally, contributing to both economic and health-related challenges. We aimed to evaluate the global, regional, and national burden of MASLD from 1990 to 2023, quantify the contribution of identified modifiable risk factors, and project future prevalence up to the year 2050.